NATO must impose costs on Russia, China over cyber and hybrid attacks, says deputy chief

**NATO’s deputy secretary general Radmila Shekerinska**, speaking at the Munich Cyber Security Conference, warned of increasing cyber and hybrid threats from Russia and China targeting critical infrastructure and civilian services, and outlined NATO’s push to prioritize cyber defense, expand resilience spending, and integrate military, government, and industry efforts. She highlighted allied commitments to invest more in cybersecurity, the need to impose costs on adversaries through faster, coordinated responses, and the role of NATO’s integrated cyber defense center in assessing vulnerabilities and advising commanders.