England keeping pen and paper exams despite limited digital expansion

Ofqual proposes a cautious, limited expansion of on-screen assessments in England—keeping most GCSEs and A-levels on paper—due to concerns around cybersecurity, IT infrastructure variability, and operational risk; existing digital exams in certain subjects and accessibility accommodations would continue under stricter rules, while UK universities widely use remote exams with limited invigilation and Estonia has postponed fully digital middle-school exams because of IT glitches.