Malware in Lisp? Now you're just being cruel

Researchers analyzed nearly 400,000 Windows executables and conclude that malware written in less-common languages or compiled with uncommon toolchains (e.g., Delphi, Rust, Haskell, Lisp, niche compilers) can substantially reduce static-detection rates and complicate reverse engineering; the paper documents language-specific effects such as shellcode fragmentation and highlights APT and ransomware examples that have shifted languages, recommending more defensive focus on these ecosystems.