Analysis: there is both Means and Motive for Cyber Attacks on Navy Vessels

The report assesses the plausibility that cyber attacks (GPS/AIS spoofing, compromise of onboard navigation or VDR systems, or denial-of-service) could have contributed to recent collisions involving U.S. Navy vessels, reviews prior research and a reported Black Sea GPS spoofing event, highlights insecure maritime systems and legacy shipboard software, and discusses potential motives from states like North Korea and China while noting there is no definitive attribution tying cyber activity to the incidents.