Researchers Hack Aircraft Landing System with $600 Radios

**Executive summary:** Researchers at Northeastern University demonstrated that a $600 software-defined radio can spoof aircraft Instrument Landing Systems (ILS), using two attack methods (over-shadow and single-tone) against an FAA-certified flight simulator to induce course deviations and offset touchdowns; the paper details attack assumptions, potential impacts in low-visibility conditions, and proposed countermeasures such as cryptographic protections and secure localization techniques.