From Tool Sprawl to Security ROI: How ALE Helps Leaders Justify Modern Cybersecurity Investments 

**Executive summary:** This Morphisec whitepaper argues that cybersecurity purchasing is shifting from feature-driven, fear-based decisions to financially grounded risk management and recommends using Annual Loss Expectancy (ALE) to quantify expected annual financial loss from cyber incidents; by expressing risk in dollars, ALE helps justify investments, prioritize controls, and reduce redundant tooling in discussions with CFOs and executive stakeholders.