Abusing Data in the Middle: Surveillance Risks in China’s State-Owned Mobile Ecosystem

**Executive summary:** The report 'Data in the Middle' warns that unencrypted mobile signaling protocols (SS7, Diameter) and the dominant role of China-controlled mobile interconnect providers create a large-scale man-in-the-middle surveillance risk—affecting dozens of operators across many countries—and documents real-world exploitation and state-backed actor capabilities to intercept communications, track devices, and deliver spyware.