China Introduces National Cyber ID Amid Privacy Concerns

**Executive summary:** China launched the National Online Identity Authentication Public Service in July 2025, a government-run digital ID system that centralizes verification and restricts private platforms from storing users' real identity information; authorities claim it reduces data collection and enhances privacy. Digital-rights groups and researchers warn the system effectively shifts control of identity data to the state, raises surveillance risks through vague exemptions and revocation powers, and lacks transparency and clear safeguards for how data will be protected or accessed.