Discover the iceberg, enter the galaxy: understanding organised information manipulation

The 3rd EEAS Report on Foreign Information Manipulation and Interference (FIMI) presents a comprehensive analysis of 505 incidents and ~38,000 channels, focusing on methods to expose manipulation operations; it explores how state-linked actors construct layered networks (an ‘iceberg’) and interconnected campaigns (a ‘galaxy’) and previews case studies targeting Moldova and parts of Africa to improve collective awareness and response.