China's State-Sponsored Cyber Operations & Ecosystem

This Sekoia threat research paper analyzes the Chinese offensive cyber ecosystem—identifying the PLA, MSS and MPS as primary state actors, the growing role of provincial departments and private hack-for-hire companies, the historical and evolving role of patriotic hackers, and the trend of weaponizing collected vulnerabilities—emphasizing how public and private actors cooperate to produce China-nexus APT operations that pose strategic risks (including to 2024 elections).