BGP Role model: tracking the adoption of RFC 9234

This report analyzes BGP route leaks and evaluates global adoption of RFC 9234 (BGP Roles and the OTC attribute). Using public BGP collectors and Cloudflare BMP from many peers, the authors measure which ASes stamp or propagate OTC and run Anycast experiments that reveal several ASes — including Tier-1 providers GTT (AS3257) and Arelion (AS1299) — strip the OTC attribute, undermining route-leak prevention; the paper details methodology, measurements, impact (noting a high fraction of IPv4 paths missing OTC), and recommends configuring Roles and vendor support for RFC 9234.