Authenticity vs. Non-Repudiation | UpGuard

This article distinguishes authenticity from non-repudiation in information security and describes how mechanisms such as hashing, MAC/HMAC, asymmetric cryptography, digital signatures, and PKI work together to verify identity, preserve integrity, and provide legal assurance. It emphasizes MFA and security awareness, acknowledges limitations such as shared key risk and potential coercion, and uses the U.S. DoD Common Access Card as a practical example, underscoring layered controls as part of a strong cybersecurity framework.