The Bear Necessities: A Look at the Drivers, Dynamics, and Applications of the Pro-Russia Influence Ecosystem

The report analyzes the evolution of the pro‑Russia influence ecosystem four years into the full‑scale invasion of Ukraine, noting a shift from battlefield‑focused activity back toward broader strategic objectives. It documents expansion and diversification of covert information operations and hacktivism, increasing use of generative AI for planning and content creation, and warns that activity targeting the EU, NATO, and other global priorities may intensify as the ecosystem proves resilient to limited disruptions.