The Future of Iran’s Internet Is More Uncertain Than Ever

**Executive summary:** For more than six days nearly 90 million Iranians experienced a total internet blackout after military strikes, during which the government relied on its National Information Network (NIN), selective whitelisting, and intranet services to maintain internal connectivity while restricting access to the global internet; the report highlights the technical, legal, and surveillance mechanisms used to enforce censorship, the humanitarian and informational impacts on the population, and how infrastructure damage and elite exemptions complicate assessments of the outage.